Last updated: 7 June 2024 at 5:20pm EST

George Scangos Net Worth




The estimated Net Worth of George A Scangos is at least $64 Millón dollars as of 22 February 2024. George Scangos owns over 27,750 units of Vir Biotechnology Inc stock worth over $884,704 and over the last 22 years he sold VIR stock worth over $59,124,408. In addition, he makes $3,944,610 as President, Chief Executive Officer y Director at Vir Biotechnology Inc.

George Scangos VIR stock SEC Form 4 insiders trading

George has made over 291 trades of the Vir Biotechnology Inc stock since 2003, according to the Form 4 filled with the SEC. Most recently he sold 27,750 units of VIR stock worth $307,193 on 22 February 2024.

The largest trade he's ever made was exercising 358,332 units of Vir Biotechnology Inc stock on 5 December 2016 worth over $3,221,405. On average, George trades about 8,184 units every 21 days since 2003. As of 22 February 2024 he still owns at least 112,989 units of Vir Biotechnology Inc stock.

You can see the complete history of George Scangos stock trades at the bottom of the page.





George Scangos biography

Dr. George A. Scangos Ph.D. serves as President, Chief Executive Officer, Director of the Company. From July 2010 to December 2016, Dr. Scangos served as Chief Executive Officer and as a member of the board of directors of Biogen Inc. (“Biogen”), a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company focused on the treatment of serious diseases. From October 1996 to July 2010, Dr. Scangos served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Exelixis, Inc., a drug discovery and development company. From 1993 to 1996, Dr. Scangos served as President of Bayer Biotechnology, where he was responsible for research, business development, process development, manufacturing, engineering and quality assurance of Bayer Biotechnology’s biological products. Before joining Bayer Biotechnology in 1987, Dr. Scangos was a Professor of Biology at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Scangos has served as a member of the board of directors of various publicly traded companies, including: Exelixis, Inc., since 1996; Agilent Technologies, Inc., a life sciences, diagnostics and applied chemical analysis company, since 2014; and Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from 2003 to 2010. Dr. Scangos served as Chair of PhRMA in 2016, and as the Chair of the California Healthcare Institute in 2010. He was a member of the board of directors of the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development from 2006 until 2010. Dr. Scangos currently serves on the Board of Trustees of Cornell University and the Board of Overseers of the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Scangos received his B.A. in Biology from Cornell University and a Ph.D. in Microbiology from the University of Massachusetts.

What is the salary of George Scangos?

As the President, Chief Executive Officer y Director of Vir Biotechnology Inc, the total compensation of George Scangos at Vir Biotechnology Inc is $3,944,610. There are no executives at Vir Biotechnology Inc getting paid more.



How old is George Scangos?

George Scangos is 71, he's been the President, Chief Executive Officer y Director of Vir Biotechnology Inc since 2017. There are 3 older and 19 younger executives at Vir Biotechnology Inc. The oldest executive at Vir Biotechnology Inc is Phillip Sharp, 75, who is the Independent Director.

What's George Scangos's mailing address?

George's mailing address filed with the SEC is C/O VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC., 75 HAYDEN AVENUE, LEXINGTON, MA, 02421.

Insiders trading at Vir Biotechnology Inc

Over the last 5 years, insiders at Vir Biotechnology Inc have traded over $197,171,926 worth of Vir Biotechnology Inc stock and bought 6,960,011 units worth $139,246,875 . The most active insiders traders include Norbert W Bischofberger, Endurance (Cayman) Ltd Sb I... y Kristina Burow. On average, Vir Biotechnology Inc executives and independent directors trade stock every 7 days with the average trade being worth of $478,115. The most recent stock trade was executed by Janet Napolitano on 9 September 2024, trading 12,190 units of VIR stock currently worth $95,082.



What does Vir Biotechnology Inc do?

vir brings together cutting-edge innovations with leading scientific expertise and management to take on some of the world’s most challenging infectious diseases for which solutions are non-existent or inadequate. vir seeks to take a new approach, using breakthroughs in immune programming to manipulate pathogen-host interactions. the company will take a multi-program, multi-platform approach to applying these breakthroughs, guided by rigorous science and driven by medical need.



Complete history of George Scangos stock trades at Biogen Inc, Exelixis Inc, Voyager Therapeutics Inc, Agilent Technologies y Vir Biotechnology Inc

Persona
Trans.
Transacción
Precio total
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $307,193
22 Feb 2024
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $283,883
16 Feb 2024
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $680,708
23 Feb 2023
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $755,633
17 Feb 2023
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $863,303
17 Feb 2022
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $1,947,000
18 May 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Uso de opción $263,599
15 May 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $2,992,300
23 Apr 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $1,444,800
20 Apr 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $457,750
15 Apr 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $429,580
7 Apr 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,090
31 Mar 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $1,036,500
18 Feb 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $501,000
11 Feb 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $493,750
22 Jan 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $509,750
15 Jan 2020
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $456,250
27 Dec 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $823,600
1 Aug 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $863,200
1 Jul 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $790,400
3 Jun 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Uso de opción $68,550
21 May 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $793,600
1 May 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $1,085,850
1 Apr 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $125,000
14 Mar 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $906,400
1 Mar 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $941,200
1 Feb 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $785,600
2 Jan 2019
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $1,146,200
29 Nov 2018
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $366,500
1 Nov 2018
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $446,500
1 Oct 2018
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $421,250
24 Sep 2018
George A Scangos
Director
Uso de opción $525,415
10 Aug 2018
George A Scangos
Director
Uso de opción $174,900
15 May 2018
George A Scangos
Director
Uso de opción $3,221,405
5 Dec 2016
George A Scangos
Director
Uso de opción $3,221,405
5 Dec 2016
George A Scangos
Director
Comprar $80,000
30 Oct 2008
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,350
27 Feb 2008
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $14,600
22 Feb 2008
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,625
13 Feb 2008
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,175
6 Feb 2008
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,850
28 Jan 2008
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,700
23 Jan 2008
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,125
18 Jan 2008
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,000
7 Jan 2008
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,700
31 Dec 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,100
24 Dec 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,700
19 Dec 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,600
10 Dec 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,000
5 Dec 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,125
29 Nov 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,375
21 Nov 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,950
12 Nov 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,250
9 Nov 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $25,475
26 Jul 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,500
20 Jul 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $29,075
12 Jul 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $29,675
6 Jul 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $30,550
29 Jun 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $29,175
20 Jun 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,375
11 Jun 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $26,925
8 Jun 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,250
30 May 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,250
24 May 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,300
14 May 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,775
9 May 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $26,875
2 May 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,550
24 Apr 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,375
20 Apr 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,450
10 Apr 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $25,450
3 Apr 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $25,450
22 Mar 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,925
16 Mar 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,025
5 Mar 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $25,225
27 Feb 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,300
21 Feb 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,500
12 Feb 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $26,050
8 Feb 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,925
1 Feb 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,800
26 Jan 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $25,275
17 Jan 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,575
8 Jan 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,400
3 Jan 2007
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,100
27 Dec 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,950
18 Dec 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,600
12 Dec 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,400
6 Dec 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,250
28 Nov 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,625
21 Nov 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,825
13 Nov 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,800
9 Nov 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,725
3 Nov 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $25,050
24 Oct 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $25,000
16 Oct 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,150
13 Oct 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,250
5 Oct 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,450
26 Sep 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,300
20 Sep 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,025
14 Sep 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,550
7 Sep 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,400
31 Aug 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,300
24 Aug 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,550
14 Aug 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,725
9 Aug 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,325
3 Aug 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,500
28 Jul 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,775
20 Jul 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,300
11 Jul 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,600
5 Jul 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,750
29 Jun 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,550
21 Jun 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,850
13 Jun 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $26,325
8 Jun 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $25,675
30 May 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,325
22 May 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,400
18 May 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,550
10 May 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,550
4 May 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,025
27 Apr 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $26,725
17 Apr 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,125
11 Apr 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,675
6 Apr 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,925
27 Mar 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,800
21 Mar 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,725
15 Mar 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,350
9 Mar 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $28,025
2 Mar 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $26,150
24 Feb 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $25,275
15 Feb 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $25,950
9 Feb 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,250
30 Jan 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,925
24 Jan 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,850
19 Jan 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $27,025
10 Jan 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,750
5 Jan 2006
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,300
28 Dec 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,150
19 Dec 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,525
15 Dec 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,175
6 Dec 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,225
28 Nov 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,400
22 Nov 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,275
18 Nov 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,000
8 Nov 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,950
3 Nov 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,500
26 Oct 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,350
20 Oct 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,125
10 Oct 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,950
5 Oct 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,475
27 Sep 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,850
21 Apr 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,725
19 Apr 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,425
14 Apr 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,750
5 Apr 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,775
30 Mar 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,875
21 Mar 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,600
15 Mar 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,175
7 Mar 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,950
4 Mar 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,425
23 Feb 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,675
18 Feb 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,500
10 Feb 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,875
1 Feb 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,975
26 Jan 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,200
20 Jan 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,575
12 Jan 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,500
4 Jan 2005
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,850
28 Dec 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,250
20 Dec 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,950
17 Dec 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,900
8 Dec 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,375
30 Nov 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,150
22 Nov 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,800
17 Nov 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,175
12 Nov 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,075
3 Nov 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,575
29 Oct 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,375
19 Oct 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,850
13 Oct 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,875
7 Oct 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,575
27 Sep 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,075
20 Sep 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,500
14 Sep 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,375
9 Sep 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,925
1 Sep 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,225
25 Aug 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,350
18 Aug 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,600
13 Aug 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,750
3 Aug 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,225
26 Jul 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,625
21 Jul 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,650
12 Jul 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,475
6 Jul 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $24,000
28 Jun 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,525
22 Jun 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,350
18 Jun 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,800
10 Jun 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $22,675
2 Jun 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $23,075
5 Mar 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,250
25 Feb 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,450
18 Feb 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,825
13 Feb 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,625
3 Feb 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,800
30 Jan 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,100
23 Jan 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,250
13 Jan 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,175
6 Jan 2004
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,300
31 Dec 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,925
24 Dec 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,775
15 Dec 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,100
9 Dec 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,400
3 Dec 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,075
26 Nov 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $16,050
17 Nov 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,300
12 Nov 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,700
3 Nov 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,200
29 Oct 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,025
21 Oct 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,300
15 Oct 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $601,536
9 Oct 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,325
8 Oct 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,375
2 Oct 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,275
26 Sep 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $21,000
15 Sep 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,700
10 Sep 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $19,175
4 Sep 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,125
27 Aug 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $18,275
20 Aug 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,000
13 Aug 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $17,650
6 Aug 2003
George A Scangos
Director
Venta $20,725
31 Jul 2003
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $43,960
21 Jul 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $244,180
3 Jun 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $244,180
3 Jun 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $1,116,948
31 May 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $1,116,948
31 May 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $43,960
25 May 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $43,960
25 May 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $133,798
2 May 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $133,798
2 May 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $43,960
6 Apr 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $126,050
1 Apr 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $127,287
1 Mar 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $767,646
23 Feb 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $124,750
17 Feb 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $3,387,161
12 Feb 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $2,818,387
9 Feb 2016
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $543,261
1 Jun 2015
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $514,182
1 May 2015
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $576,398
1 Apr 2015
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $221,615
13 Mar 2015
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $338,803
2 Mar 2015
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $215,358
19 Feb 2015
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $321,016
17 Feb 2015
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $6,116,524
12 Feb 2015
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $11,947,279
9 Feb 2015
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $361,840
3 Nov 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $373,003
1 Oct 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $389,690
2 Sep 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $375,545
1 Aug 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $3,847,149
16 Jul 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $6,657,768
15 Jul 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $154,362
2 Jun 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $606,244
1 May 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $654,776
1 Apr 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $8,719,407
10 Mar 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $987,894
3 Mar 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $2,968,415
12 Feb 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $771,945
11 Feb 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $9,498,701
9 Feb 2014
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $549,831
1 Nov 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $543,741
1 Oct 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $480,042
3 Sep 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $489,938
1 Aug 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $501,402
16 Jul 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $4,786,978
15 Jul 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $374,188
3 Jun 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $344,193
1 May 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $309,469
1 Apr 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $264,149
1 Mar 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $261,097
12 Feb 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $4,702,984
9 Feb 2013
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $344,646
1 Nov 2012
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $545,031
1 Oct 2012
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $533,119
4 Sep 2012
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $534,727
1 Aug 2012
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $361,011
17 Jul 2012
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $3,098,850
16 Jul 2012
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $169,761
2 Jul 2012
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $152,169
1 Jun 2012
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $2,224,931
10 Feb 2012
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Venta $1,315,079
20 Jul 2011
George A Scangos
Chief Executive Officer
Uso de opción $2,202,178
14 Jul 2011


Vir Biotechnology Inc executives and stock owners

Vir Biotechnology Inc executives and other stock owners filed with the SEC include: